The Role of Microbiome Modulation in Immunotherapy Outcomes

Abstract

Recent research has revealed the significant influence of the microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, on the efficacy and outcomes of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. This review explores the complex interplay between the microbiome and the host immune system, highlighting how microbial diversity and composition can modulate immune responses to immunotherapy. We examine current evidence linking specific microbial taxa to improved therapeutic outcomes, as well as the mechanisms by which microbiome modulation—through diet, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation—can enhance or impair immunotherapy effectiveness. Understanding these interactions provides valuable insights for optimizing immunotherapy strategies and improving patient outcomes.